
In the year 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. What followed over the next 500 years was the not-so-gradual infection, murder, and relocation of the Native American population. Ever wonder why it didn't happen the other way around? Well, neither have I. But really... why didn't a Cherokee Chief load up some boats and sail across the Atlantic to infect, murder and relocate the Europeans? That's the question Jared Diamond tackles in this dense 400 pager.
The answer is simple right? European colonists beat out Indians because they had guns, and the Indians didn't. That's true, but Diamond asks the tougher question: why did Europeans develop guns, and Indians didn't? Why were Europeans resistant to measles and bubonic plague, and Indians weren't. Why did Europeans have advanced methods of agriculture, and Indians didn't? Well, it's because Europeans are smarter than Indians, right?
Wrong, says Diamond. He dismisses racist arguments outright. Instead, he argues that the ultimate explanations for Europe's dominance are environmental, not biological.
For example, Diamond points out that the American continents are tall and skinny, while Eurasia is short and fat (look at a map, it's true). If an ancient American figures out how to grow corn in Panama, the idea can't spread very far, because climate and rainfall change drastically as you move north or south. But, if someone in the fertile crescent figures out how to grow wheat, the idea can spread for thousands of miles east and west, since the climate is relatively uniform.
Large food-producing societies like ancient Europe create food surpluses. So while some people farm, others have time to sit around and invent things... like guns. Europeans weren't smarter or more inventive than Indians, they just lived in a better place. If the Americas were short and fat, and Eurasia were tall and skinny, the Anasazi would have colonies all over the world, and Europeans would live on reservations.
Diamond's book is not a page-turner, but it is fascinating. Reading it is a serious project, but it opened my eyes to a whole new way of thinking about our past. If you like anthropology at all, check this book out.